Natural minor with a raised 7th, creating a strong leading tone back to the tonic. The augmented second between the 6th and 7th gives it an exotic, Middle-Eastern flavor.
The basic minor cadence. In harmonic minor the V becomes a major chord, creating a strong pull back to the tonic.
Step-wise ascending progression heard throughout rock and metal.
The Andalusian cadence — a descending tetrachord foundational in flamenco and Western classical music.
The minor ii–V–i. The ii is half-diminished; in harmonic minor the V becomes a dominant 7, the classic minor-key turnaround.