The natural minor scale (Aeolian mode): whole–half–whole–whole–half–whole–whole. Darker than major, with a lowered 3rd, 6th, and 7th.
The basic minor cadence. In harmonic minor the V becomes a major chord, creating a strong pull back to the tonic.
Step-wise ascending progression heard throughout rock and metal.
The Andalusian cadence — a descending tetrachord foundational in flamenco and Western classical music.
The minor ii–V–i. The ii is half-diminished; in harmonic minor the V becomes a dominant 7, the classic minor-key turnaround.